Absolutely every single interface or device in the internet must have a unique internet address.  These are probably more commonly known as an IP address.    The addresses consist of 32 bit numbers, these are arranged in specific structures and are not ordinary flat addresses that we are more used to. There are five different…

It’s not always essential for a proxy to understand what protocol is being tunneled for it to function correctly.  For example circuit level tunnelling such as SSL (or SOCKS) enables any protocol to be transported through a configured proxy gateway.  The reason is that the proxy doesn’t need to understand the protocol simply because it…

Over the last few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has expanded into all areas of our lives.A recent report predicted that there are over 8 billion devices potentially connected this year, whcih would grow to over 20 billion by 2020. Although the IoT will bring us many benefits there is also the potential for…

SGML and XML are both languages that are used for defining markup languages. More specifically, they are metalanguage formalisms that facilitate the definition of descriptive markup languages for the purpose of electronic information encoding and interchange. SGML and XML support the definition of markup languages that are hardware- and software-independent, as well as application-processing neutral….

What do you look for in a new property – big gardens, ample parking, close to amenities or simply a nice well built house. Well I saw a house last month in my home town and I very much wanted to move there.  Sure it wasn’t the nicest place and it was quite a bit…

There is no doubt that one of the most important functions of the Internet protocol (IP) is that of routing.   The datagrams that are routed by IP can be generated either on the local host or another remote device.  If they are generated from a remote host, then in order to process the datagram it…

Anyone who has studied or spent time working in network security will have heard of Snort.  It is an open source NIDS (Network Intrusion detection System) which has been installed on millions of systems across the world.  It was written initially as a packet sniffer by Marty Roesch but is now supported by many more…

UDP is a relatively simple protocol compared with something like TCP for one simple reason – it has none of the fields that ensure reliable delivery of information.  With UDP there is no guarantee that data transmitted will be delivered, the idea is that applications and other transport mechanisms will handle this function. However there…

Resolving names can often lead to performance issues on busy networks.  For instance in most large networks internet access is handled through central proxies, mainly for security reasons.  Organisations can control access to the internet if all traffic is funneled via a specific server, these can also be the only machines allowed through a firewall…

Authentication is one of the most important parts of any computer system, application or network.  Without an adequate authentication method a network operating system will quickly become overloaded and insecure.  In the early days of computers a simple username and password would be sufficient, and although this is still the case in many networks more…